Abstract: The hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), often configured with battery and supercapacitor (SC) combinations, can effectively regulate power imbalances between generation and loads within ...

Abstract: Under load disturbance, the DC-side voltage of the three-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) rectifier is prone to fluctuation. To improve the robustness of the DC-side voltage, a single-loop ...

Timer1 is configured in Fast PWM Mode 14 with ICR1 as TOP. Speed is entered via keypad and mapped to OCR1A to control motor duty cycle through the L293D driver.

The core of this project is a discrete-time PID controller that processes data from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to calculate the necessary motor output. By balancing the "tilt" of the robot, ...