In this paper, we introduce CSSRank, an improved version of the charged system search (CSS) algorithm, designed to address complex optimization problems more efficiently. CSSRank integrates a ...

Engineering design optimization problems are often characterized by high dimensionality, complex constraints, and multimodal search landscapes, which pose significant challenges to conventional ...

A search problem refers to the task of finding a solution within some space of possible options, and that space could be made up of discrete steps or continuously varying values. For example, solving ...