Persistent viral infections pose a unique challenge to the immune system. Prolonged antigen exposure drives T cells into a state of exhaustion — a ...

Protein evolution and expression dynamics encompass how protein sequences change over time under selective pressures while modulating levels of expression through transcriptional and ...

Influenza virus research has advanced substantially in recent decades, particularly in understanding genetic reassortment and host adaptation mechanisms ...

When Richard Dawkins’s first blockbuster book was published half a century ago, few genes had ever been sequenced or studied in detail. Yet the book’s gene-centred view of evolution still has much to ...